Popularity of programming languages

What programming languages are the most popular on GitHub?

Here we have gathered a large dataset of the most popular GitHub repositories to answer this question and many more.

We start off by visualising the popularity of programming languages according to our collected data. This is data gathered from the 100 000 most popular repositories on GitHub.

Note that not all languages are shown in this treemap, see the next graph for a list of all collected languages

Next we show the popularity of all programming languages in a new diagram.

The important thing to observe is how varied software projects are in their choice of programming language. While the same few languages dominate, there is still room for experimentation with new languages.

Popularity of language features

What languages support what features?

How popular are these features?

Here we analyze the popularity of features using the most popular programming languages.

We do this by grouping the popularity of different programming languages into the features we intend to analyze. Next we present what features we wish to analyze.

Language Features:

Type systems

  • Static
  • Dynamic

Compiled and Interpreted languages

  • Scripting
  • Native compilation
  • Byte code compilation

Supported Paradigms

  • Functional
  • Procedural
  • Object Oriented
  • Multi-paradigm

If a language supports multiple paradigms we give it the feature of “Multi-paradigm”

Size is proportional to popularity

Next we compare the popularity of these language features.

Note that we have categorized for example JavaScript and TypeScript as functional languages. Though these are not considered pure functional languages they implement many of the features of a functional programming language and considering that no pure functional programming languages made it into the top ten it does not make it very interesting to analyze.

What is interesting to note is while purely procedural languages are largely considered as a limiting paradigm, it is still supported by every language in the top 10. While more modern languages are usually multi paradigm it seems very unpopular to not support procedural programming.

Prediction of future popularity of languages

How will the popularity of programming languages change in the future.

Here we compare language trends and make predictions about their popularity into the future.

Note that the prediction is layered on top of the actual data so we can see how well our model matches the collected data.

The top ten languages are shown by default, click on languages in the sidebar to view more or less data.

There are many interesting observations to be made here. For example, TypeScript overtaking JavaScript, C# overtaking Java. The “pure” functional programming languages seem to have a stable popularity except for Clojure and Haskell which appear to be in a downward trend.

Distribution of bugs in each language

Is there any correlation between the amount of bugs in a repository and the choice of programming language used in that repository?

Here we intend to analyze this relation to see if there is any correlation, and if so what languages are most associated with bugs.

Each dot represents a repository and it’s position in the chart represents that repositories average percentage of reported bugs.

The percentage is based on GitHub issues and pull requests meaning that any issue or pull request labeled as a bug or bug fix would contribute to the bug percentage.

Hover over a dot to see what repository it represents.

We can already see that there are slight differences in the distribution of bugs in the languages.

Now we will aggregate the data into mean and median bug percentage for each language.

This table shows the mean and median percentage of bugs for all repositories using a particular programming language.

The table is sorted by the languages that have the most bugs.

Language Mean Bug % Median Bug % Occurrences of Language
15 PowerShell 14.486648 12.500000 315
2 C# 13.921641 11.122598 562
22 TypeScript 13.730277 10.434586 644
18 Rust 13.666125 11.007843 612
12 Kotlin 13.386051 10.383332 460
8 Go 13.121750 9.539474 631
4 Clojure 12.475246 10.169491 335
3 C++ 11.707076 7.436570 537
6 Dart 11.694106 8.163401 358
16 Python 11.591716 8.791209 555
5 CoffeeScript 11.061051 8.333333 291
7 Elixir 10.886311 8.695652 375
9 Haskell 10.715992 8.203125 363
19 Scala 10.285034 7.802548 413
21 Swift 10.070342 7.028754 453
1 C 10.026046 6.415207 450
14 PHP 9.860882 6.389776 529
11 JavaScript 9.357928 6.448013 650
10 Java 9.186963 6.060606 489
20 Shell 9.154558 5.277819 396
17 Ruby 9.133840 6.003160 497
13 Objective-C 8.443087 5.882353 352

Visualising this data into a bar chart reveals the relation of bugs between the languages.

Here we can see the languages that according to our data is likely to produce the most bugs. These results may seem unexpected, a scripting language (PowerShell) being first on the list is not very surprising, but C# and TypeScript being so high on the list is very surprising. This might hint to a shift in culture of the reporting of bugs in newer languages. Perhaps users of newer languages are more likely to use GitHub issues to report bugs. This could however also be explained by newer languages not being as mature and developed leading to more bugs. Conventions may not be fully developed yet which could lead to larger projects written in newer languages to suffer.

---
title: "Programming languages on GitHub, bugs and popularity: An exploratory data journey"
output: "html_notebook"
fig_width: 160
fig_height: 90
out_width: 200%
out_height: 200%
---

```{css, echo = FALSE}
html {
    margin: auto;
    text-align: center;
    max-width: 80vw;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

body {
    font-size: 22px;
    max-width: 80vw;
}

img {
    max-width: fit-content;
}

.main-container {
    align-items: center;
    display: block;
    justify-content: center;
}

.btn-group {
    display: none;
}

p {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
}

div {
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    max-width: 90vw;
}

.block {
    background: white;
    padding: 0.5em;
    border: 2px solid black;
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    text-align: left;
    font-size: 18px;
    min-width: 220px;
    min-height: 200px;
}

.block > h3 {
    text-align: center;
}
```

<hr/>

# Popularity of programming languages

What programming languages are the most popular on GitHub?

Here we have gathered a large dataset of the most popular GitHub repositories
to answer this question and many more.

We start off by visualising the popularity of programming languages according
to our collected data. This is data gathered from the 100 000 most popular
repositories on GitHub.

*Note that not all languages are shown in this treemap, see the next graph for a list of all collected languages*

![](./Treemap.png)

Next we show the popularity of all programming languages in a new diagram.

The important thing to observe is how varied software projects are in their
choice of programming language. While the same few languages dominate, there is
still room for experimentation with new languages.

![](./Bar.png)

<hr/>

# Popularity of language features

What languages support what features?

How popular are these features?

Here we analyze the popularity of features using the most popular programming
languages.

We do this by grouping the popularity of different programming languages into
the features we intend to analyze. Next we present what features we wish to
analyze.

Language Features: 

<div style="display: flex; gap: 40px; flex-direction: row;">
<div class="block">
### Type systems

- Static 
- Dynamic
</div>

<div class="block">
### Compiled and Interpreted languages

- Scripting
- Native compilation
- Byte code compilation
</div>

<div class="block">
### Supported Paradigms

- Functional
- Procedural
- Object Oriented
- Multi-paradigm
</div>
</div>

If a language supports multiple paradigms we give it the feature of
"Multi-paradigm"

*Size is proportional to popularity*

```{r, cache = FALSE, echo = FALSE, dpi = 150, fig.width = 16, fig.height = 9, out.width = "1920px", out.height = "1080px"}
library(igraph)
library(magrittr)
library(dplyr)
library(visNetwork)
library(plotly)
library(GGally)
library(network)
library(sna)
library(intergraph)
library(tidygraph)
library(ggraph)

# Load datasets from csv files
lang_repos <- read.csv2("lang_repos_clean_100_000_v2.csv")
lang_feats <- read.csv2("language_features.csv")

# Find occurrences of each language
langs <- lang_repos$language %>% table()

# Create edges to be used in network graph using a csv -
# file mapping languages to features
edges <- lang_feats %>%
    select(from = language, to = feature)

# Get all features
features <- lang_feats$feature %>% table() %>% names()

# Get only language occurrences
lang_occurrences <- langs %>% unlist() %>% unname()
names(lang_occurrences) <- c()

# Construct nodes for use in network graph
nodes <- data.frame(node = names(langs), occurrences = lang_occurrences)
nodes$occurrences.Var1 <- NULL
nodes$occurrences <- nodes$occurrences.Freq
nodes$occurrences.Freq <- NULL
nodes$type <- "Language"
nodes <- nodes[nodes$node %in% edges$from, ]

# Construct Features data frame to calculate popularity of features
features_df <- data.frame(node = features)
features_df$type <- "Feature"
features_df$occurrences <- 0

# Calculate popularity of features
for (i in features_df$node) {
    feat_langs <- edges[edges$to == i, ]$from
    features_df[features_df$node == i , ]$occurrences <- sum(langs[names(langs) %in% feat_langs])
}

# Add features to nodes
nodes <- rbind(nodes, features_df)

# Construct graph object from data frame
g_data <- graph_from_data_frame(d = edges, vertices = nodes, directed = TRUE)

# Set seed for generating graph
set.seed(354453)

# Size of nodes
v.size <- V(g_data)$occurrences

# Colors of edges
arc_colors <- rainbow(8400)

# Generate network graph
feat_plot <- g_data %>%
    ggraph(layout = "lgl") +
    geom_edge_arc(colour=arc_colors,
                  lineend = "round",
                  strength = .5,
                  alpha = .5) +
    theme_graph(background = "white") +
    geom_node_point(size = v.size/1500, aes(color = type)) +
    geom_node_text(aes(label = name), 
               repel = TRUE, 
               colour="gray40") +
    theme(legend.position = "top")

feat_plot

```

<hr/>

Next we compare the popularity of these language features.

Note that we have categorized for example JavaScript and TypeScript as
functional languages. Though these are not considered pure functional languages
they implement many of the features of a functional programming language and
considering that no pure functional programming languages made it into the top
ten it does not make it very interesting to analyze.

<hr/>

```{r, cache = TRUE, echo = FALSE, dpi = 100, fig.width = 16, fig.height = 9, out.width = "1920px", out.height = "1080px"}

# Sort features based on popularity
features_df <- features_df[order(features_df$occurrences, decreasing = TRUE), ]
features_df$node <- factor(features_df$node, levels = features_df$node)

# Present the feature popularity in a bar chart
feat_bar <- features_df %>% ggplot(aes(x = node, y = occurrences, fill = node)) +
    geom_col() +
    labs(x = "Feature", y = "Popularity") +
    scale_fill_discrete(name = "Feature")

ggplotly(feat_bar)

```

What is interesting to note is while purely procedural languages are largely
considered as a limiting paradigm, it is still supported by every language in
the top 10. While more modern languages are usually multi paradigm it seems
very unpopular to not support procedural programming.

<hr/>

# Prediction of future popularity of languages

How will the popularity of programming languages change in the future.

Here we compare language trends and make predictions about their popularity
into the future.

Note that the prediction is layered on top of the actual data so we can see how well our
model matches the collected data.

*The top ten languages are shown by default, click on languages in the sidebar to view more or less data.*

```{r, cache = TRUE, echo = FALSE, dpi = 100, fig.width = 16, fig.height = 9, out.width = "1920px", out.height = "1080px"}

lang_repos_clean <- read.csv2("lang_repos_clean_100_000_v2.csv")

library(magrittr)

# Format date strings to date data type
lang_repos_clean$createdAt <-  lang_repos_clean$createdAt %>% as.Date(format = "%Y-%m-%d")
lang_repos_clean$pushedAt <- lang_repos_clean$pushedAt %>% as.Date(format = "%Y-%m-%d")

# Find the start and end date
min <- lang_repos_clean[which.min(lang_repos_clean$createdAt), ]$createdAt
max <- lang_repos_clean[which.max(lang_repos_clean$createdAt), ]$createdAt

# Create sequence timeline spanning timespan
range <- as.Date(seq(min, max, by = "day"))

# Extract the languages that occur in the dataset as unique values
languages <- lang_repos_clean$language %>% unlist() %>% table() %>% names()
top_languages <- lang_repos_clean$language %>% unlist() %>% table() %>% sort(decreasing = TRUE)

# Create timeline for processing language popularity
lang_timeline <- data.frame(day = range)

# Add languages as columns in timeline
lang_df <- data.frame(matrix(0, ncol = length(languages)))
colnames(lang_df) <- languages
lang_timeline <- cbind(lang_timeline, lang_df)

# For every repo add 1 to the timespan where it has been active createdAt -> pushedAt
for (i in 1:nrow(lang_repos_clean)) {
    repo <- lang_repos_clean[i, ]
    lang_timeline[as.numeric(lang_timeline$day) %in% repo$createdAt:repo$pushedAt, repo$language] <-
        lang_timeline[as.numeric(lang_timeline$day) %in% repo$createdAt:repo$pushedAt, repo$language] + 1
}

# Remove most recent data as it is inaccurate
lang_timeline <- lang_timeline[lang_timeline$day < max - 500, ]

# Turn timeline language columns into variables on "variable" column
library(reshape2)
lang_time_df <- melt(lang_timeline, id.vars = "day")

# Numerical date representation for use in regression model
lang_time_df$day_num <- as.numeric(lang_time_df$day)

# Remove further unused column
lang_time_df$day_num <- NULL

# Change name of column "variable"
lang_time_df$Language <- lang_time_df$variable
lang_time_df$variable <- NULL

lang_order <- langs %>% sort(decreasing = TRUE) %>% names()

lang_time_df$Language <- factor(lang_time_df$Language, levels = lang_order)
lang_time_df <- lang_time_df[order(match(lang_time_df$Language, lang_order)), ]
# Visualising current model and data with the model prediction up to 2030
# Model is generated again internally in graph,
# but uses the same model and formulae as "timeline.fit"
library(ggplot2)
trend_plot <- ggplot(lang_time_df, aes(x = day, y = value, col = Language)) +
    geom_line() +
    xlim(min, as.Date("2030-01-01")) +
    ylim(0, 14000) +
    xlab("Date") +
    ylab("Popularity") +
    labs(fill = "Language", title = "Future trends of the top 10 programming Languages") +
    geom_vline(xintercept = max - 500) +
    stat_smooth(
        aes(x = day, y = value, col = Language, linetype = Language),
        method = "gam", formula = y ~ s(x, bs = "cs"),
        fullrange = TRUE) +
    theme_bw()

library(plotly)
trend_plot <- ggplotly(trend_plot)
p.length <- lang_time_df$Language %>% table() %>% length()*2

# Disable everything except the top 10 languages
trend_plot <- style(trend_plot, visible = "legendonly", traces = c(10:(p.length/2), (p.length/2+10):(p.length+1)))
trend_plot

```

There are many interesting observations to be made here. For example,
TypeScript overtaking JavaScript, C# overtaking Java. The "pure" functional
programming languages seem to have a stable popularity except for Clojure and
Haskell which appear to be in a downward trend.

# Distribution of bugs in each language

Is there any correlation between the amount of bugs in a repository and the
choice of programming language used in that repository?

Here we intend to analyze this relation to see if there is any correlation, and
if so what languages are most associated with bugs.

Each dot represents a repository and it's position in the chart represents that
repositories average percentage of reported bugs.

The percentage is based on GitHub issues and pull requests meaning that any
issue or pull request labeled as a bug or bug fix would contribute to the bug
percentage.

*Hover over a dot to see what repository it represents.*

```{r, cache = TRUE, echo = FALSE, dpi = 100, fig.width = 16, fig.height = 9, out.width = "1920px", out.height = "1080px"}
repos <- read.csv2("bug_repos.csv")

# Add bug issues percent and bug pull request percent as columns on every repo
repos$bug_issues_perc <- repos$bug_issues / repos$issues * 100
repos$bug_pull_requests_perc <- repos$bug_pull_requests / repos$pull_requests * 100

# Remove data with malformed relationship between issues and bug issues
repos <- repos[repos$bug_issues_perc != Inf, ]
repos <- repos[!is.na(repos$bug_issues_perc), ]
repos <- repos[repos$bug_issues_perc != 0, ]

# Remove outliers
remove_outliers_from_data_frame <- function(data_frame, x) {
    Q <- quantile(x, probs = c(.25, .75), na.rm = FALSE)
    iqr <- IQR(x)
    return(subset(data_frame, x > (Q[1] - 1.5 * iqr) & x < (Q[2] + 1.5 * iqr)))
}
repos <- remove_outliers_from_data_frame(repos, repos$bug_issues_perc)

library(magrittr)
library(tidyverse)
langs_occur <- table(repos$language) # Occurrences of languages in repos

# Calculate mean of mean of repo bugs in repos
lang_bugs_avg <- repos %>%
    group_by(language) %>%
        summarise(sum_bugs = mean(bug_issues_perc))
lang_bugs_avg <- as.data.frame(lang_bugs_avg)

# Calculate mean of median of repo bugs in repos
lang_bugs_median <- repos %>%
    group_by(language) %>%
      summarise(sum_bugs = median(bug_issues_perc))
lang_bugs_median <- as.data.frame(lang_bugs_median)

# Construct data frame for viewing difference in averages
lang_bugs <- data.frame(lang = lang_bugs_avg$language, mean = lang_bugs_avg$sum_bugs, median = lang_bugs_median$sum_bugs)
lang_bugs$occur <- langs_occur
lang_bugs <- lang_bugs[order(lang_bugs$mean, lang_bugs$median, decreasing = TRUE), ]


# Get the number of unique languages in the dataset
n_languages <- length(langs)

# Generate a darker rainbow color palette for the dots
dot_colors <- hcl(seq(15, 375, length.out = n_languages + 1), 100, 30)

library(ggplot2)
library(ggbeeswarm)
library(ggforce)

# Violin chart
bugs_viol <- ggplot(repos, aes(x = language, y = bug_issues_perc, text = name, group = language)) +
    geom_violin(fill = "white") +
    geom_sina(aes(color = language)) +
    scale_color_manual(values = dot_colors) +
    labs(x = "Language", y = "Percentage of issues that are bugs") +
    theme_bw() +
    theme(panel.grid.major = element_blank(), panel.grid.minor = element_blank())

bugs_viol <- ggplotly(bugs_viol)
bugs_viol

```

<hr/>

We can already see that there are slight differences in the distribution of bugs in the languages.

Now we will aggregate the data into mean and median bug percentage for each language.

This table shows the mean and median percentage of bugs for all repositories
using a particular programming language.

*The table is sorted by the languages that have the most bugs.*

<hr/>

```{r, cache = TRUE, echo = FALSE, dpi = 100, fig.width = 16, fig.height = 9, out.width = "1920px", out.height = "1080px"}
knitr::kable(lang_bugs, col.names = c("Language", "Mean Bug %", "Median Bug %", "Occurrences of Language"))
```

<hr/>

Visualising this data into a bar chart reveals the relation of bugs between the languages.

<hr/>

```{r, cache = TRUE, echo = FALSE, dpi = 100, fig.width = 16, fig.height = 9, out.width = "1920px", out.height = "1080px"}

lang_bugs$lang <- factor(lang_bugs$lang, levels = lang_bugs$lang)

# Bar chart
bugs_bar <- ggplot(lang_bugs, aes(x = lang, y = mean, fill = lang)) +
    geom_col() +
    labs(title = "Average Bug Percentage per Language",
         x = "Language",
         y = "Bug Percentage") +
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1)) +
    scale_x_discrete(limits = rev(levels("lang"))) +
    scale_fill_discrete(name = "Language")

ggplotly(bugs_bar)

```

Here we can see the languages that according to our data is likely to produce
the most bugs. These results may seem unexpected, a scripting language
(PowerShell) being first on the list is not very surprising, but C# and
TypeScript being so high on the list is very surprising. This might hint to a
shift in culture of the reporting of bugs in newer languages. Perhaps users of
newer languages are more likely to use GitHub issues to report bugs. This could
however also be explained by newer languages not being as mature and developed
leading to more bugs. Conventions may not be fully developed yet which could
lead to larger projects written in newer languages to suffer.
